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At Turbo Expo 2025, Antonio Escamilla Perejon, Client Relationship Manager at ETN Global, sat down with 

 to discuss key technological advancements that are driving global micro-gas turbine adoption, growth barriers, and primary market drivers.

to read ETN Global's Turbo Expo session on micro-gas turbines.

Antonio Perejon of ETN Global says micro gas turbines are improving.

Micro Gas Turbine Advancements and Market Dynamics

TURBO: What key technological advancements are currently driving micro-gas turbine adoption globally?

 Recent developments in heat recovery systems, fuel-flexible combustion, and digital control systems are significantly improving the performance and appeal of micro-gas turbines. Hot temperature materials and more robust coatings are reducing maintenance and increasing equipment lifetime. While more advanced control systems enable autonomous operations and easy integration, some manufacturers are choosing more complex architectures, such as two- and three-spool configurations, which enable greater operational flexibility and allow turbines to operate more efficiently across burning load conditions, which increases the part load efficiency and supports easier integration with dynamic energy systems.

With ETN Global’s Energy Integration Working Group, we are fostering continuous collaborations to support these developments, especially around decarbonized fuel compatibility and system integration. The sector is advancing, but scale remains a barrier. Adoption is still hindered by low commercial volumes and a need for a broader market pool.

TURBO: What are the primary global drivers for the micro-gas turbine market growth?

 Market trends arise from a growing demand for decentralized and resilient energy systems. Moreover, there is a need for combined heat and power, which offers continuous power, low emissions, and minimal noise, along with the potential for integration with low-carbon fuels. Unlike larger gas turbines, the micro gas turbine market remains small and faces intense competition from technologies such as fuel cells, internal combustion engines, and even solar photovoltaics. The reasons for this include the battery engine system, which typically benefits from greater visibility and funding within ET and globally. We are supporting and fostering this through our technical platforms and at the European Micro Gas Turbines Energy Forum, which we are co-sharing. This year marks the first signs, and we will host the discovery in Brussels.

 are well-suited for the energy transition to cleaner fuels. 

Antonio Perejon of ETN Global says micro-gas turbines are improving due to advances in heat recovery, fuel flexibility, and digital controls, but market adoption still faces challenges.

Conference Coverage

Micro-Gas Turbine Advancements and Market Dynamics

Tuesday afternoon at Turbo Expo 2025, Antonio Escamilla Perejon, Client Relationship Manager, and Giuseppe Tilocca, Technical Lead of ETN Global, presented 

Micro-Gas Turbines: Technological Advancements and Market Research

Perejon kicked off the session by introducing the audience to the micro-gas turbine community, how to join, and highlighted two ongoing projects: Next Entity and Fit for Micro.

Before diving into micro-gas turbines, he introduced thermodynamic cycles. “Maximizing thermal efficiency" is key, he said.

The simple Brayton cycle involves compressing air, combusting fuel, and expanding the heated fluid in a turbine to produce electricity.

The regenerative Brayton cycle includes a regenerative heat exchanger. The fluid exiting the turbine is used to heat the fluid coming from the compressor. The thermal efficiency of the regenerative cycle is now dependent on both pressure ratio and temperature ratio. Regenerative cycles are more effective than the Brayton cycle at lower pressure ratios.

Complex cycles with two-stage compression and expansion are beneficial to small gas turbines based on the fundamental thermodynamic cycles driving these innovations and the broader landscape of energy innovation. Pressure ratios, meticulous temperature management, and ongoing technological improvements are necessary when creating efficient, compact energy solutions for decentralized power generation.

Perejon said during a recent community meeting, there was inherent complexity and a striking lack of standardized criteria across the industry in terms of micro gas turbine definitions. A key takeaway was the undeniable importance of recuperators in significantly improving electrical efficiency, though limitations often associated with single-stage compressors were also acknowledged.

With micro-gas turbines, there are intricate trade-offs among system size, performance, and cost, and they must be considered when designing and implementing them across diverse power output ranges.

Several advancements have been made through various micro-gas turbine research projects that are pushing the boundaries of sustainable energy technologies, including:

Innovative applications like using micro-gas turbines as fuel cell replacements for aircraft auxiliary power units

Harmonizing micro gas turbines with water treatment plants

Exploring sophisticated hybrid systems with fuel cells

Rigorously investigating sustainable biofuel applications

Looking ahead, the development drivers are focused on increasing turbine temperature, leveraging advanced materials, achieving significant cost reductions, and exploring novel external fire and hybrid configurations to continuously improve efficiency and performance.

 Key considerations include optimizing thermal efficiency, managing pressure ratios and temperatures, and overcoming limitations like those of single-stage compressors. The role of recuperators in boosting efficiency and the trade-offs between size, performance, and cost were also central.

Diverse Applications, Lacking Standardization:

 Despite a lack of standardized definitions for micro gas turbines, the presentations showcased their wide-ranging applications. These include integration with solar power systems and water treatment plants, serving as fuel cell replacements for aircraft, and utilizing sustainable biofuels, underscoring their versatility in decentralized power generation.

Future advancements hinge on increasing turbine operating temperatures, adopting advanced materials, and cost reduction. The exploration of external fire and hybrid configurations (e.g., with fuel cells) is also crucial for enhancing both efficiency and sustainability in micro gas turbine technology.

 to watch Antonio Escamilla Perejon discuss key technological advancements that are driving global micro-gas turbine adoption, growth barriers, and primary market drivers at Turbo Expo 2025!

A History of the Micro-Gas Turbine Market

Tilocca offered attendees a comprehensive overview of the micro-gas turbine market. Micro-gas turbines became commercially viable in 1998, with companies like Capstone leading early development. The market size is estimated at around 100 million units, although Tilocca said that precise numbers are less important than understanding the market dynamics: "We're wasting time debating exact figures.”

The development of micro-gas turbines is divided into two phases:

First Wave (early 2000s): Focused on increasing power output and efficiency

Second Wave (2010s): Attempting to reduce costs and improve commercial viability

The market has faced significant obstacles, with multiple companies experiencing bankruptcy due to several key challenges:

Microgas turbines are mainly used in primary generation and co-generation in niche markets—such as oil and gas, decentralized power, biogas and sewage gas applications, and cogeneration—due to cost and performance.

 When compared to reciprocating engines, micro-gas turbines struggle with performance. Tilocca explained: “Micro-gas turbines have no edge on the heat-to-power ratio. You cannot compete in the cogeneration applications with a high heat-to-power ratio, and the cost needs to be lower; otherwise, you won't sell any products because you're directly competing with reciprocating energy. The cost of a gas turbine versus the cost of a reciprocating engine is very expensive.”

Micro-gas turbine technology suffers from competition from internal combustion engines, advancing fuel cell technologies, and growing electrification trends.

But, despite challenges, micro-gas turbines offer some unique benefits:

Single exhaust stream that’s ideal for hybrid heat applications

Excellent performance with renewable and difficult fuels

"Micro-gas turbines are a niche product. If you try to market them as a mass product, you will not succeed,” Tilocca said.

Looking forward, considerations such as equipment cost reductions, improved overall efficiency, scaled-up production, and targeted niche applications are critical. When exploring hydrogen applications, it’s important to balance efficiency and cost. He said that equipment costs become increasingly critical as hydrogen fuel prices decrease.

“Micro-gas turbines have low market assessment," Tilocca said, with promising opportunities in renewable fuel and biogas and decentralized power applications.

The development of micro-gas turbines has occurred in two distinct phases: the first focused on increasing power output, while the second concentrated on improving efficiency and reducing costs. However, most commercially available products were developed over 20 years ago, with minimal technological advancement.

Micro-gas turbines remain a niche market with limited growth, characterized by high costs, low efficiency, and challenges in scaling production. Despite potential applications in specific sectors like oil and gas and renewable fuels, the technology struggles to compete with reciprocating engines and other power generation technologies.

The economic viability of micro-gas turbines heavily depends on fuel costs, operational hours, and specific application requirements. They show promise in scenarios with high heat-to-power ratio needs, remote locations, or when working with challenging fuels like biogas, but face significant challenges in becoming a mainstream power generation technology.

At Turbo Expo 2025, ETN Global says micro-gas turbines must focus on specialized markets, cost reduction, and continued technological refinement to remain competitive.

Micro-Gas Turbines: A Challenging Market Yet Promising Technology 

On Wednesday at Turbo Expo 2025 in Memphis, Tennessee, the technical session, 

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Gas Turbine Combustor Design

, moderated by Joseph Meadows, Ph.D., Assistant Professor at Virginia Tech, brought together experts from academia and industry to discuss integrating computational fluid dynamics, machine learning-assisted reduced-order modeling, automated design optimization, and data-driven diagnostics with gas turbine combustor design.

The pursuit of more efficient, cleaner, and adaptable gas turbine combustors has created complexity in their design. This intricate challenge has highlighted the critical need for advanced computational tools to bolster existing design approaches. Enter AI, a game-changing technology that is rapidly transforming this landscape. AI promises to dramatically speed up design processes, optimize performance, and even assist in uncovering entirely new combustor configurations.

Werner Krebs, Ph.D., Lead Technology Expert for Combustion at Siemens Energy, Robert Zacharias, Ph.D., of GE Aerospace Research, as well as Panelists Pinaki Pal, Ph.D., of Argonne National Laboratory, Jay Gore, Ph.D., of Purdue University, dove into the opportunities and challenges of using AI for design, including:

Model interpretability and ensuring physical consistency.

Balancing physics-based and data-driven modeling approaches.

The future direction of AI in combustor development.

Krebs from Siemens Energy presented on generative AI in combustion design. He focused on how AI can address complex engineering challenges. The core problem involves translating product requirements into design parameters, where "10 requirements" must navigate a design space of "more than 100 parameters, maybe 1000 parameters."

Krebs outlined a systematic approach to generative design: parameterizing the design space, identifying critical labels like pressure drop, performing design calculations, and generating design proposals. He emphasized the critical need for high-quality computational tools: "If the tools provide garbage, then the whole thing is garbage,” he said.

The research compared multiple generative AI methods, with flow matching showing the most promising results across parameters like pressure drop and NOx emissions. His team at Siemens Energy developed an AI platform called Horizon, which provides "no-code code environments" to help engineers focus on physics rather than programming.

Looking forward, Rex said the ultimate goal is a "self-learning system where we start with a hypothesis or with a small design space and then let it continuously generate designs even in more detail." AI should support engineers’ innovative efforts.

Generative AI's Potential in Complex Design:

 AI can navigate massive design spaces with hundreds of parameters, generating design proposals that meet specific engineering requirements like NOx emissions, pressure drop, and thermostatic stability. The approach allows for rapid exploration of design possibilities beyond traditional engineering methods.

Critical Importance of High-Quality Data and Computational Power

: The success of generative AI depends entirely on the quality of underlying computational tools and data. The research requires sophisticated GPU clusters and a deep understanding of physical principles to generate meaningful design proposals.

AI as an Engineering Collaborator, Not a Replacement:

 Despite the advanced technological capabilities, AI is a tool to augment, not replace, human engineering expertise. His vision is to create platforms like Horizon that allow engineers to focus on physics and engineering principles while AI handles complex computational tasks.

Zacharias said that in aerospace engineering, safety and innovative design optimization take center stage. Human intelligence plays a critical role: “Nobody wants to get on an airplane with an engine that was designed by AI,” he said.

Zacharias shared a real-life combustion dynamics example, where one of the team’s combustors had a debilitating combustion dynamic, and “we had to figure out how to kill this dynamic so that we had a safe and stable combustion system,” he said. “Generally, there's a source of unsteadiness somewhere in the combustor that triggers the resonance somewhere, and it just accelerates. In this example, we had a 500 Hz combustion dynamics problem that we believe was caused by unsteadiness in the swirler upstream of the vortex breakdown bubble.”

The approach to this complex combustion problem? To combine engineering intuition with advanced computational techniques. By parameterizing the swirler design with "eight or 10 independent variables," they developed a sophisticated optimization strategy. Their methodology involved creating a surrogate model through a comprehensive design exploration. “We carpet bomb[ed] the design space [by running] hundreds of thousands of combinations" using a neural network model that could process calculations in "three thousandths of a second,” he said.

The ultimate goal is to advance design optimization, with the potential of "inverse neural nets" that can fundamentally transform the design process. "We want to flip the problem over," he noted, "give it the Ys, the outputs that we want, and have it spit out the Xs."

This approach represents a significant leap in engineering design, balancing computational power with human expertise and safety considerations.

Safety is Paramount in Aerospace Engineering:

 Human intelligence and safety are critical, particularly in aerospace. "At GE Aerospace, safety is job number one; safety, above all else."

Advanced Design Optimization Through AI and Computational Modeling:

 Zacharias showcased a sophisticated approach to solving complex engineering challenges using AI and computational techniques. By creating a surrogate model, the team could explore hundreds of thousands of design combinations quickly, reducing computational time from days to milliseconds.

Future of Design: Inverse Neural Networks:

 The next frontier of design optimization is inverse neural networks. Instead of traditional methods of exploring design spaces, the goal is to "flip the problem over", allowing engineers to input desired outputs and have the system generate potential design solutions, fundamentally transforming the design process.

Turbo Expo panelists from Siemens Energy and GE Aerospace highlight the intersection of human expertise, computational power, and innovative AI techniques in advanced engineering design.

Panel Says AI Supports, Not Replaces Engineers in Gas Turbine Combustor Design  

On Wednesday, June 18, at Turbo Expo 2025, OEMs from GE Vernova, Ansaldo Energia, Solar Turbines, and Mitsubishi Power participated in the panel discussion: 

OEM Pathways Forward: Advancing Gas Turbine Innovation, 

chaired by Christer Björkqvist, Managing Director and Co-Founder of ETN Global and Benjamin Emerson, Principal Research Engineer at Georgia Institute of Technology.

OEMs discussed how they are responding to the evolving needs of the user community, focusing on recent technical developments and future priorities, including:

Supply chain resilience: efforts to overcome supply chain challenges to ensure timely delivery and long-term reliability.

AI and data center demands: adapting turbomachinery and energy systems to support the growing energy needs and reliability expectations of data centers and AI infrastructure.

Shifts in priorities and political influences: The impact of global policy shifts and market dynamics on OEM roadmaps and their ability to support users through the energy transition (product development, service offerings, and collaboration models)

The panelists included: Ralf Jakoby, Program Manager at Ansaldo Energia; John Mason, Director of Technology and Product Development Engineering at Solar Turbines; Dr. Ghenadie Bulat, Head of New Technologies in Gas Services Division of Siemens Energy; Dr. Yoshifumi Tsuji, Manager of Gas Turbine Integration Team at Mitsubishi Power; and Dr. Jeffrey Goldmeer, Senior Director of Technology Strategy & H2 Value Chain at GE Vernova.

Björkqvist set the stage by emphasizing the importance of understanding user needs and market demands. He highlighted the energy trilemma, stating: "We should balance affordable energy, reliable energy, and sustainable energy,” and outlined decarbonization pathways, including energy efficiency, alternative fuels, and carbon-capture solutions.

“Security supply is key,” he said. “We were reminded of that—and hopefully, policy has been reminded about that—with the blackouts that they recently had in Spain and Portugal. [Security supply] is very important, but decarbonization is also very important for the user community, and having that readiness for decarbonization, affordability, and access. It doesn't matter if you have a great innovation; if it's not affordable for the user community, it doesn’t make sense.” 

Jakoby gave an overview of Ansaldo Energia’s product portfolio and hydrogen capabilities. He used Germany as an example to demonstrate that the split of electricity sources has changed dramatically in the past 10 years. “The amount of renewable energy has increased a lot, and the amount of base load energy is about 50% of what it was 10 years before—this is quite a challenge for gas turbine operators and manufacturers,” he said.

In terms of decarbonization and the introduction of carbon-neutral fuel. Ansaldo’s gas turbine 36 can burn 70% volume of hydrogen, which has been demonstrated in a rig under full conditions (pressure, temperature, etc.).

“[In the rig], we can also simulate the boundary conditions, compressor inlet, and turbine compressor outlet and turbine inlet conditions,” Jakoby said. “Of course, it has extensive instrumentation, and we have a mixing station which can provide any mixture between pure natural gas and 100%, too.”

Its other units can burn between 40 – 45% hydrogen.

Mason gave a broader industry perspective, emphasizing the rapidly changing energy landscape and the critical challenges facing the industry. "Things are changing very, very quickly, even inside the design cycle of gas turbines,” he said.

He identified a few macro trends from the past 12 – 18 months as the share of intermittent renewables has begun to increase in the energy supply chain: grid stability/resiliency, decarbonization, and “energy affordability and availability is starting to climb up the ladder of prioritization.” He linked affordability and availability to the supply chain.

“We share common suppliers with our commercial aviation gas turbine companies, our military aviation, and the industrials, and this is creating challenges for availability as lead times become longer, and even affordability as prices are going up,” Mason said.

He pointed out that the challenge of grid resiliency is well understood. “You add to that the emergence of AI data centers and grid inability—that word was chosen correctly because, quite frankly, grids are not able to meet the rapid demand for power that data centers need, so this is creating a challenge commonly referred to as the Power Challenge,” he said. “Interestingly, data center growth is not paced by technology; it's paced by the availability of electricity.”

Data centers have complex computational needs and therefore have dynamic load requirements. They create load fluctuations that require innovative power solutions. Thus, gas turbine manufacturers must adapt to increasingly dynamic load demands, Mason said.

Bula gave attendees a holistic approach to cleaner power generation. He said Siemens Energy is a comprehensive energy solutions provider with a comprehensive portfolio.

"We are really in the business of converting green molecules into green electrons,” he said.

Bucha discussed multiple innovative approaches, including partnerships for hydrogen technology, carbon-capture solutions, and advanced digital technologies. He highlighted several important demonstrations, including:

The world's first 10-MW carbon-free grid power from a 100% hydrogen gas turbine.

A successful test of 100% methanol combustion with its partners at the Net Zero Technology Center in Aberdeen.

Involvement in a feed study for a U.K. carbon-capture project that is expected to reduce nearly 1 million tons of CO

Bucha also emphasized digital innovations and AI, the show’s theme, showcasing its capabilities in microgrid management, physics-based emission prediction models, and advanced computational neural networks for predicting component performance.

Siemens Energy has entered some “exciting partnerships,” including a collaboration with 

Eaton for modernized data center solutions

 by enabling simultaneous construction of new data centers and integrated onsite power; an "Ocean Green" concept for decarbonizing shipping; and support for 

 small modular nuclear reactor technology.

A few key themes were highlighted in each OEM’s presentation:

 Hydrogen as a critical path to decarbonization. This includes hydrogen combustion tests, hydrogen fuel flexibility, and partnerships for 100% hydrogen-capable hardware.

 There was an emphasis on the need for gas turbines to rapidly respond to changing grid demands. This includes fast ramping, low-load operations, and supporting renewable energy integration.

Advanced digital technologies, including AI and physics-based modeling, were presented as crucial tools for improving efficiency, predicting maintenance, and optimizing operations.

There are several challenges in integrating intermittent renewable energy sources. A good example is the Iberian Peninsula blackout.

Each company stressed the importance of collaborative approaches, whether through research partnerships, digital solutions, or innovative technology development.

The gas turbine industry is rapidly evolving to meet the challenges of decarbonization, grid stability, and changing energy demands. There is an overall commitment to innovation through hydrogen capabilities, digital technologies, and flexible operational strategies.

The future of energy is not about choosing between traditional and renewable sources, but about creating intelligent, flexible systems that can seamlessly integrate multiple energy technologies.

Panelists at Turbo Expo 2025 highlight how gas turbine manufacturers are not just adapting to change but are actively driving innovation in decarbonization, efficiency, and grid support.

OEM Panel Showcases Advanced Gas Turbine Technologies, AI, and Decarbonization

Turbo Expo 2025 opened its exhibition hall at the Renasant Convention Center in Memphis, Tennessee,

this morning to roughly 2,500 attendees from the turbomachinery industry. Tuesday morning kicked off with the plenary session, 

Envisioning the Future of Gas Turbines with Artificial Intelligence

, featuring panelists Richard Voorberg, President, North America at Siemens Energy, Paul Sloup, Executive Director of AI tools and FLIGHT DECK at GE Aerospace, and Pete Bradley, Principal Fellow in digital tools and data science at RTX Pratt & Whitney.

AI is revolutionizing engineering fields—from predictive maintenance and design optimization to advanced manufacturing and beyond. The OEM-centered panel session provided perspectives on the current and future vision of working with AI in gas turbine technology and a few key takeaways for the turbomachinery industry:

AI is a Transformative Force Multiplier: 

Companies like RTX, GE Aerospace, and Siemens Energy are using AI to optimize design processes, improve manufacturing, enhance product performance, and drive innovation across the entire product lifecycle.

 Successfully implementing AI requires more than just technology—it demands building an AI-ready culture that encourages experimentation, reduces fear of change, and empowers engineers to leverage new tools creatively.

The industry recognizes that AI advancement cannot happen in isolation. Companies are calling for increased data collaboration, shared learning, and community-wide approaches to solving complex challenges in turbomachinery and energy systems.

AI is not just a technological upgrade, but a fundamental reimagining of how the turbomachinery industry develops, manufactures, and operates its systems.

Bradley highlighted AI's transformative potential across RTX’s business. He said AI is already integrated into every aspect of its operations—from design optimization to product development and manufacturing, and it has over 20 AI-enabled products with 100 more in development, including advanced systems like the RAIVEN electro-optical imaging platform that can work in air, ground, and sea.

“I think one of the things that's really important about these AI-enabled capabilities is they make it possible to do really complex things without creating extra complexity for the operator,” Bradley said.

In the aftermarket, RTX’s advanced oil analysis technology examines oil samples, predicts various potential engine problems, and provides tailored recommendations for customers.

He emphasized that anytime you have an industry disrupter, like AI, you have to navigate three key aspects: managing fear, avoiding hype, and seizing opportunities. He stressed the importance of building an AI culture, incentivizing realistic proof-of-concept evaluations, and leveraging experienced engineers' knowledge. His core message: AI can transform the impossible into the routine by combining deep domain expertise with innovative technological approaches.

Sloup discussed AI's role in transforming GE Aerospace, focusing on a mindset shift rather than just technological change. GE Aerospace, in partnership with Microsoft, launched AI Wingmate, a proprietary generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) tool used by over 50% of employees, and developed an engineering assistant to help engineers spend more time on critical thinking. Sloup outlined the company’s AI strategy across supercomputing, design cycles, and connected systems.

"We don't know all the answers,” he said. “We're not sure how all this should play out, but we have a very intelligent organization, and we have a lot of engineers, and so if we put the tools in their hands, they can help us figure it out."

Voorberg presented a comprehensive view of AI integration into Siemens Energy’s 100,000-person, 175-year-old company.

“There are numerous opportunities at Siemens Energy, which is truly exciting,” Voorberg said. “Just look at how this business has transformed over the last couple of years. Two years ago, especially in the gas turbine sector, it was dead. Three years ago, the large gas turbine market in the United States had only one large gas turbine. My friends at GE won that unit that year, while my market share stood at 0%. How do you explain that to the board, right? How did we end up with 0% gas turbines in the market? The good news is, this year, the market has completely flipped. We've sold over 100 gas turbines here in the United States, and it continues to grow like that. So, we need to ensure that we're expanding and growing our business.”

With a $1.4 billion annual R&D investment, it is strategically deploying AI across multiple domains. Key AI applications include:

Grid optimization through digital-twin technology

Inventory management to prevent parts from sitting unused

Digitalizing historical data from century-old equipment

Developing an AI Lab in Orlando to foster innovation

"AI can be really beneficial, but we've got to make sure that it's creating something," he said. “If I tell you what to do, I’m going to limit you. I want to give you the tools, and that's what our AI Lab is going to be: a tool.”

Siemens Energy’s AI initiatives include:

Partnering with Nvidia to analyze grid power distribution

Creating an AI Lab with dedicated data scientists

At Turbo Expo 2025, RTX, GE Aerospace, and Siemens Energy share how they are leveraging AI to optimize design, enhance productivity, solve complex engineering challenges, and drive innovation.

Sonya Schwaller

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