John M. Rinaldo

The size and therefore the price of a gearbox depend on the gear-rating method specified. This comparison of eight commonly used standards published by the American Petroleum Institute (API), American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) highlights the differences between them. Let us begin with a brief description of these standards:

API 613 5th edition (2003): Special Purpose Gear Units for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas Industry Services. Since its initial publication in 1968, most of the main gearboxes in refineries have had to conform to this specification. If you specify this standard, you will probably pay substantially more for the gearbox than if another standard is used. API 613 covers not only gear rating, but also related lubricating systems, controls, and instrumentation. The conservative rating stems mainly from basing the material allowable stresses on the lowest grade materials (grade 1) from the American Gear Manufacturers Assn. (AGMA) standard that was in effect in 1977, even though use of the better “grade 2” materials is now required. Although AGMA material-allowable stresses have increased over the years to reflect increasingly stricter metallurgical requirements, improved metallurgy and extensive field experience, the API ratings have remained unchanged.

The sixth edition of API 613 is currently in development, and should be published sometime this year. It will not change the basic rating method or material allowables. However, it does incorporate language to allow the use of alternate rating methods if the API method would result in excessive pitch line velocity or excessive face width.

API 617 8th Edition API 617 8th Edition (2014): Axial and Centrifugal Compressors and Expandercompressors; Part 3 — Integrally Geared Centrifugal Compressors. This was first published in 1958 and covered only barreltype centrifugal compressors. The 2002 Seventh Edition expanded the scope to also cover Integrally Geared Centrifugal Compressors and Expander-compressors. Each section has its own set of annexes, and Part 3 annex G, has a rating method based directly on ANSI/AGMA 2001, which specifies how each factor is to be calculated, and then imposes an additional 20% derating factor. It is fairly conservative, but not nearly as much as API 613.

ANSI/AGMA 2001-D04 (2004): Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and Helical Gear Teeth. AGMA 2001 and 2101 (the metric version) are the basic AGMA gear-rating standards that most other AGMA rating standards are based on. They have evolved from standards originally published in 1946. The user is given some flexibility in selecting the values of the factors to be used, so even given complete information on a gear set, two engineers may come up with different ratings. Therefore, specific application standards, such as API 617 part 3, AGMA 6011, or AGMA 6013, provide guidance on selecting the factors to be used in the rating.

ANSI/AGMA 6013-B16 (2016): Standard for Industrial Enclosed Gear Drives. This standard generally does not apply to high-speed turbomachinery, but is included for comparative purposes. It presents general guidelines for design, rating and lubrication of parallel, concentric and rightangle shaft drives, but here we will only consider rating of parallel-shaft gearboxes.

This standard only applies when the pitch line velocity does not exceed 35 m/s (7,000 ft/min). It specifies that ANSI/AGMA 2001- D04 is to be used for the rating, but provides the specific factors to be used. The rating is for 10,000 operating hours using the least conservative life factors.

High-speed gear sets ANSI/AGMA 6011-J14 (2014): Specification for High Speed Helical Gear Units. The first high-speed gear unit standard was adopted in 1943 and has evolved over time. It is now based on ANSI/AGMA 2001-D04, and applies when the pitch-line velocity exceeds 35 m/s. The designer has some limited choices when rating a long life gear set. The rating is for a minimum of 40,000 operating hours, using the most conservative stress cycle (life) factor. If the number of stress cycles exceeds the stress cycle factor graph endpoint, the user has the option of using the graph end point or extrapolating the curve to lower values.

ISO 6336-2006 [except part 5 is 2003]: Calculation of Load Capacity of Spur and Helical Gears. This standard, which is composed of five separate parts, is largely based on prior DIN (German Standards Institute) standards, and is generally accepted everywhere outside of the U.S. The AGMA Helical Gear Rating Committee has been working for many years to revise AGMA 2101 to align it with ISO 6336, but because of large philosophical differences between these standards, unification is still years away. Yet despite the differences between the AGMA and ISO rating methods, the gear ratings are often similar. The ISO working group is currently revising Parts 1 – 3, and a new edition might be published in about a year.

API 672 4th edition (2004): Packaged, Integrally Geared Centrifugal Air Compressors for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services. Originally published in 1979, this standard directs the user to rate the gears according to ANSI/AGMA 6011.

API 677 3rd Edition (2006): General- Purpose Gear Units for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas Industry Services. This was first published in 1989, and used a modified K factor rating method. The 1997 second edition changed the rating method to that given in API 613.

The gear sets used in this comparison are presented in Table 1, with changes between sets highlighted. All are alloy steel. Speeds range from 700 to 45,000 RPM. The resulting ratings range from 200 to over 18,000 HP. An even wider range of gears could have been analyzed, but that probably would not significantly change the general conclusions of this study. Note that the values and factors chosen are sufficient for the purposes of this study, but they were selected for simplicity; they do not represent actual gears in production and should not be used as a recommendation or guide for gear design.

Ratings are for 20 years of continuous operation, except ANSI/AGMA 6011-J14 specifies that ratings are for a minimum of 40,000 hours. Therefore, for comparison, ANSI/AGMA 6011 ratings are presented both for 40,000 hours and 175,200 hours (20 years). The ANSI/AGMA 6013 ratings are for 10,000 hours as stipulated. The rating results are presented even if the pinion speed or the pitch line velocity is too high or low for the standard to apply.

Figure 1 shows the pitting (surface durability) power rating and Figure 2 shows the bending strength ratings, with each line representing one gear set. Figure 3 shows the overall rating, which is simply the lower of the pitting and bending rating. For case- and surface-hardened gears, there is about a two-to-one ratio from the highest to lowest ratings for a specific gear set. This is a staggering difference. The API 613 ratings are consistently the lowest, both for bending and pitting. The highest ratings come from ISO 6336 and ANSI/AGMA 6013, though the inclusion of 6013 may be a bit unfair since it uses stress cycle factors for only 10,000 hours of operation. All other AGMA ratings are fairly consistent.

 Figure 1: Pitting Power Rating[/caption]

 Figure 2: Bending Power Rating[/caption]

Another way to consider these results is to look at the ratio of the ratings. The ANSI/AGMA 2001-D04 rating was arbitrarily chosen as the basis of Figures 4 to 6, where each line represents one rating standard.

For the pitting ratings, all ratings that use AGMA methods as their basis are consistent. API 613 ratios show a lot more variability (30%) due to factors in the AGMA standards that API 613 does not use. For the surface and case-hardened cases, ISO 6336 ratios show less variability than API, even though the rating method is substantially different from AGMA 2001.

The major change comes with a change in material; ISO rates through-hardened steels far lower than AGMA. This may be due to historical differences, particularly cleanliness, between the through-hardening steels used in Europe and those used in the U.S.

Rest of the article is in the Turbomachinery Handbook 2017

http://www.turbohandbook.com/site/index.php

John Rinaldo is a senior engineer with Atlas Copco Comptec LLC, a part of Atlas Copco Gas and Process division, where he designs gears for high speed integrally geared centrifugal compressors. For more information, contact john.rinaldo@us.atlascopco.com

Articles

Gearbox specs: Getting it right

A COMPARISON OF API, AGMA AND ISO GEAR RATING METHODS REVEALS BIG DIFFERENCES THAT COULD LEAD TO OVER SPECIFICATION Table 1: Example gear sets showing rated power by standard

Figure 4 compares the bending ratings to ANSI/AGMA 2001-D04. Again, all ratings that use AGMA methods as their basis are consistent for the cases studied, while API 613 ratios show higher variability. It is not surprising that ISO 6336 methods do not track the AGMA method very well, since the rating methods are different. The ratio of bending to pitting rating is shown for each example and each rating (Figure 5). When the ratio is above 1.0, i.e., when the bending rating is above the pitting rating, bending ratings are ignored and the pitting (surface durability) ratings determine the gear set ratings.

Figure 4: Bending ratings as a ratio to AGMA 2001 bending rating

Figure 5: Ratio of bending rating to pitting rating for nine sample gear sets

It can be seen that whether pitting or bending determines the overall rating depends both on the gear set in question and the rating standard used. For any standard, examples can always be found where pitting limits the rating.

Many designers strive for gear sets that have close to “balanced” ratings, but often with the pitting rating just slightly higher than the bending rating. This means that the gears are more likely to pit than break. It is far better for the gears to become noisy due to pitting and therefore get inspected and repaired or replaced rather than breaking and potentially ruining the whole gearbox.

But a balanced gear set according to one one method may not be balanced according to another method. It should be noted that when using AGMA or API standards, usually the same service factor is used for both the pitting rating and the bending rating. However, when using ISO 6336, often a much higher safety factor is used for bending than is used for pitting.

Consistent ratings Note that the graphs show that the ratings remain consistent even outside the scope specified in the standards. However, a standard should not be specified if the application is not within the scope. Purchasers sometimes try to assure themselves that gears will be reliable by the selection of a conservative standard or by increasing the required safety or service factors. The advantage of doing this is supposedly a lower chance of failure.

However, if an adequately sized gear set will not fail, it is already as reliable as it can be. For low-speed sets, the only negative consequences of being conservative may be size, price and slightly higher operating costs due to higher losses.

For high-speed sets, however, being conservative can lead to high face widths or high pitch line velocities. Increased pitch line velocity leads to increased sliding velocities which in turn lead to higher temperatures in the contact zone and higher risk of varnishing or scuffing. Increased face width is detrimental due to the heating of the oil which is transported across the face width as the contact line sweeps across.

Most gear experts recognize that the ratings from the standards are just a rough approximation of the power that can be safely transmitted through the gears. The truth of this becomes obvious as the results of this study are examined.

There is only one power level that will cause failure after a specific number of hours of operation, yet different standards give vastly different approximations of what that load is. Since gear failures are not common, it is clear that even the least conservative standards are sufficient for most applications. Yet when a standard has been specified, the gear vendor must ensure that the gear rating according to the specified standard meets the specified power.